Which of the Following Describes a Family Where the Mother and the Father Share Authority?

The Nature of a Family unit

In human context, a family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between conjugal family and consanguineal family

Primal Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• As a unit of socialization, the family is an object of analysis for sociologists, and is considered to be the agency of primary socialization.
• A conjugal family includes simply the husband, wife, and unmarried children who are non of age. This is also referred to equally a nuclear family unit.
• Consanguinity is defined as the belongings of belonging to the same kinship as some other person.
• A matrilocal family consists of a mother and her children, independent of a father. This occurs in cases when the mother has the resources to independently rear children, or in societies where males are mobile and rarely at abode.
• The model of the family triangle, husband-married woman-children isolated from the outside, is as well called the Oedipal model of the family and it is a grade of patriarchal family.
• A matrilocal family consists of a mother and her children.
• The model, common in the western societies, of the family triangle, married man-wife-children isolated from the outside, is also called the Oedipal model of the family and it is a form of patriarchal family.

Primal Terms

• matrilocal: living with the family unit of the wife; uxorilocal
• A bridal family: a family unit of measurement consisting of a begetter, mother, and unmarried children who are non adults
• consanguinity: a consanguineous or family relationship through parentage or descent; a claret relationship

Families

In human context, a family unit is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies, it is the principal establishment for the socialization of children. Occasionally, there sally new concepts of family that suspension with traditional conceptions of family, or those that are transplanted via migration, but these behavior do non always persist in new cultural space. Equally a unit of socialization, the family unit is the object of analysis for certain scholars. For sociologists, the family unit is considered to be the agency of primary socialization and is called the first focal socialization agency. The values learned during childhood are considered to be the most important a human kid will learn during its development.

Conjugal and Consanguineal Families

A "conjugal" family unit includes only a husband, a wife, and unmarried children who are non of age. In sociological literature, the nearly common grade of this family is often referred to every bit a nuclear family unit. In dissimilarity, a "consanguineal" family consists of a parent, his or her children, and other relatives. Consanguinity is divers as the property of belonging to the same kinship every bit another person. In that respect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person.

Other Types of Families

A "matrilocal" family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption is practiced in nearly every society. This kind of family is common where women independently have the resources to rear children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women.

Common in the western societies, the model of the family triangle, where the hubby, married woman, and children are isolated from the exterior, is likewise called the oedipal model of the family. This family unit organization is considered patriarchal.

Adults and Child: As a unit of measurement of socialization, the family unit is the object of analysis for sociologists of the family.

The Functions of a Family

The primary office of the family is to perpetuate society, both biologically through procreation, and socially through socialization.

Learning Objectives

Describe the different functions of family unit in lodge

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• From the perspective of children, the family is a family of orientation: the family functions to locate children socially.
• From the point of view of the parents, the family is a family of procreation: the family unit functions to produce and socialize children.
• Wedlock fulfills many other functions: Information technology can establish the legal father of a adult female'southward kid; establish joint property for the benefit of children; or establish a relationship betwixt the families of the husband and married woman. These are merely some examples; the family's function varies past society.

Cardinal Terms

• family: A group of people related past blood, marriage, constabulary or custom.
• Sexual sectionalization of labor: The delegation of different tasks betwixt males and females.

The primary function of the family unit is to ensure the continuation of club, both biologically through procreation, and socially through socialization. Given these functions, the nature of one's role in the family changes over fourth dimension. From the perspective of children, the family unit instills a sense of orientation: The family functions to locate children socially, and plays a major part in their socialization. From the indicate of view of the parents, the family unit'south primary purpose is procreation: The family functions to produce and socialize children. In some cultures matrimony imposes upon women the obligation to bear children. In northern Ghana, for instance, payment of bride wealth signifies a adult female's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face up substantial threats of concrete corruption and reprisals.

Family Background Matters: From the perspective of children, the family is a family of orientation: The family unit functions to locate children socially, and plays a major part in their socialization. From the signal of view of the parents, the family unit is a family of procreation: The family functions to produce and socialize children

Other Functions of the Family

Producing offspring is not the only function of the family. Union sometimes establishes the legal begetter of a woman'south child or the legal mother of a man'due south child; it frequently gives the husband or his family unit control over the wife'south sexual services, labor, and holding. Marriage, likewise, often gives the wife or her family control over the married man's sexual services, labor, and property. Wedlock as well establishes a joint fund of property for the benefit of children and can found a relationship betwixt the families of the husband and wife. None of these functions are universal, but depend on the society in which the matrimony takes place and endures. In societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between a hubby and wife, is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household. In modern societies marriage entails particular rights and privilege that encourage the formation of new families even when at that place is no intention of having children.

Chilean Family: In societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between a husband and wife, is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household.

Family Structures

The traditional family structure consists of ii married individuals providing care for their offspring, only this is becoming more uncommon.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the statistical data regarding types of family composition and living arrangements

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The nuclear family is considered the " traditional " family unit. The nuclear family consists of a female parent, father, and their biological children.
• A single parent is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assist of the other biological parent.
• Step families are becoming more familiar in America. Divorce rates, along with the remarriage charge per unit are rising, therefore bringing two families together every bit step families.
• The extended family consists of grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Central Terms

• nuclear family unit: a family unit consisting of at most a father, female parent and dependent children.
• Family Structure: a family support system involving 2 married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring.
• extended family: A family consisting of parents and children, forth with either grandparents, grandchildren, aunts or uncles, cousins etc.

The traditional family structure in the Usa is considered a family unit back up arrangement which involves two married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring. Withal, this ii-parent, nuclear family unit has go less prevalent, and alternative family unit forms have get more common. The family is created at birth and establishes ties across generations. Those generations, the extended family of aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins, can all hold significant emotional and economic roles for the nuclear family unit.

Nuclear Family

The nuclear family is considered the "traditional" family unit and consists of a mother, father, and the children. The 2-parent nuclear family has become less prevalent, and culling family forms such as, homosexual relationships, single-parent households, and adopting individuals are more common. The nuclear family is too choosing to have fewer children than in the by. The percentage of married-couple households with children under 18 has declined to 23.5% of all households in 2000 from 25.six% in 1990, and from 45% in 1960. Nevertheless, 64 per centum of children yet reside in a two-parent, household as of 2012.

Single Parent

A single parent is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of the other biological parent. Historically, single-parent families frequently resulted from death of a spouse, for instance during childbirth. Unmarried-parent homes are increasing as married couples divorce, or as unmarried couples take children. Although widely believed to be detrimental to the mental and physical well-existence of a child, this type of household is tolerated. The percentage of single-parent households has doubled in the last three decades, but that percentage tripled between 1900 and 1950. In fact, 24 percent of children live with merely their mother, and 4 percent live with simply their father. The sense of marriage as a "permanent" establishment has been weakened, allowing individuals to consider leaving marriages more readily than they may have in the past. Increasingly unmarried parent families are a result of out of wedlock births, specially those due to unintended pregnancy.

Step Families

Footstep families are becoming more common in America. Divorce rates, forth with the remarriage rate are rising, therefore bringing ii families together equally stride families. Statistics bear witness that there are 1,300 new step families forming every day. Over half of American families are remarried, that is 75% of marriages catastrophe in divorce, remarry.

Extended Family

The extended family unit consists of grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. In some circumstances, the extended family unit comes to live either with or in place of a member of the nuclear family. Virtually four percent of children live with a relative other than a parent. For case, when elderly parents motility in with their children due to onetime age, this places large demands on the caregivers, particularly the female person relatives who choose to perform these duties for their extended family.

The traditional family unit in the U.S.: An American family composed of the mother, father, children, and extended family unit.

Kinship Patterns

Kinship refers to the web of social relationships that form an important role of the lives of most humans in almost societies.

Learning Objectives

Explain how the concept of kinship is used in anthropolgy

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In biology, kinship typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationships between individual members of a species.
• One of the founders of the anthropological relationship research was Lewis Henry Morgan, in his Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871). The nearly lasting of Morgan's contributions was his discovery of the difference betwixt descriptive and classificatory kinship.
• Ideas about kinship in folklore and anthropology do not necessarily assume whatever biological relationship between individuals, rather just close associations.
• A unilineal society is 1 in which the descent of an individual is reckoned either from the female parent'southward or the father'southward line of descent.
• With matrilineal descent individuals belong to their female parent'south descent grouping. Similarly, with patrilineal descent, individuals belong to their father'southward descent group.
• The Western model of a nuclear family unit consists of a couple and its children.
• With patrilineal descent, individuals vest to their father'southward descent grouping.
• The Western model of a nuclear family consists of a couple and its children.

Key Terms

• affinity: A natural attraction or feeling of kinship to a person or thing.
• descent: Lineage or hereditary derivation.
• kinship: relation or connection by blood, wedlock, or adoption

Kinship is a term with diverse meanings depending upon the context. In anthropology, kinship refers to the web of social relationships that form an of import office of human lives. In other disciplines, kinship may have a unlike meaning. In biology, it typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationships between private members of a species. In a more full general sense, kinship may refer to a similarity or affinity between entities on the basis of some or all of their characteristics.

System of Kinship

One of the founders of anthropological relationship research was Lewis Henry Morgan, who wrote Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family (1871). Members of a society may use kinship terms without being biologically related, a fact already evident in Morgan's use of the term "affinity" within his concept of the "arrangement of kinship. " The virtually lasting of Morgan's contributions was his discovery of the difference between descriptive and classificatory kinship, which situates wide kinship classes on the footing of imputing abstruse social patterns of relationships having niggling or no overall relation to genetic closeness.

Kinship systems as defined in anthropological texts and ethnographies were seen every bit constituted by patterns of behavior and attitudes in relation to the differences in terminology for referring to relationships as well as for addressing others. Many anthropologists went and so far as to see, in these patterns of kinship, strong relations betwixt kinship categories and patterns of spousal relationship, including forms of marriage, restrictions on marriage, and cultural concepts of the boundaries of incest.

Mahrams Nautical chart: Family chart. Note that not all relatives are shown in the chart (especially at pace-relatives).

Biological Relationships

Ideas about kinship do not necessarily presume any biological human relationship between individuals, rather just close associations. Malinowski, in his ethnographic report of sexual behavior on the Trobriand Islands, noted that the Trobrianders did not believe pregnancy to be the result of sexual intercourse between the man and the woman, and they denied that there was whatever physiological relationship between male parent and kid. Nevertheless, while paternity was unknown in the "total biological sense," for a woman to have a child without having a hubby was considered socially undesirable. Fatherhood was therefore recognized as a social part; the adult female's married man is the "man whose role and duty it is to take the kid in his artillery and to help her in nursing and bringing it up"; "Thus, though the natives are ignorant of any physiological need for a male in the constitution of the family, they regard him as indispensable socially. "

Descent and the Family

Descent, like family systems, is ane of the major concepts of anthropology. Cultures worldwide possess a wide range of systems of tracing kinship and descent. Anthropologists break these downwards into elementary concepts about what is thought to exist common amid many different cultures. A descent group is a social group whose members have common ancestry. An unilineal society is one in which the descent of an individual is reckoned either from the mother's or the male parent'southward line of descent. With matrilineal descent, individuals vest to their mother's descent group. Matrilineal descent includes the female parent's brother, who in some societies may laissez passer along inheritance to the sister's children or succession to a sis's son. With patrilineal descent, individuals belong to their male parent's descent group. Societies with the Iroquois kinship system are typically uniliineal, while the Iroquois proper are specifically matrilineal. The Western model of a nuclear family consists of a couple and its children. The nuclear family is ego-centered and impermanent, while descent groups are permanent and reckoned according to a single antecedent.

Kinship Systems: A broad comparison of (left, top-to-bottom) Hawaiian, Sudanese, Eskimo, (right, top-to-bottom) Iroquois, Crow and Omaha kinship systems.

Cousin Tree kinship: Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person. Cousins are colored green. The genetic kinship degree of relationship is marked in red boxes by per centum (%).

Dominance Patterns

The iii principal parenting styles in early on child development are authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.

Learning Objectives

Describe the four dissimilar styles of parenting

Key Takeaways

Central Points

• Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child, from infancy to machismo.
• Authoritarian parenting styles tin be very rigid and strict.
• Authoritative parenting relies on positive reinforcement and infrequent use of penalization.
• Permissive parenting is a parenting style in which a child'due south freedom and their autonomy are valued and parents tend to rely mostly on reasoning and caption.
• An uninvolved parenting fashion is when parents are oftentimes emotionally absent and sometimes even physically absent.

Key Terms

• Uninvolved Parenting: The parenting way used when parents are often emotionally absent and sometimes even physically absent.
• Disciplinarian parenting: Parenting that relies on a rigid fix of rules.
• Authoritative parenting: Parenting that relies on positive reinforcement and infrequent employ of penalty. Parents are more enlightened of a kid's feelings and capabilities, and support the development of a child'south autonomy inside reasonable limits.

Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to machismo. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child, aside from the biological relationship. Parenting is usually done by the biological parents of the kid in question, although governments and society take a role as well. In many cases, orphaned or abandoned children receive parental intendance from non-parent claret relations. Others may be adopted, raised in foster intendance, or placed in an orphanage.

Parenting Styles

Developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind identified iii main parenting styles in early kid development: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. These parenting styles were later expanded to four, including an uninvolved style. These four styles of parenting involve combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on the i paw, and demand and command on the other. Authoritarian parenting styles tin can be very rigid and strict. Parents who exercise authoritarian way parenting accept a strict fix of rules and expectations and crave rigid obedience. If rules are not followed, punishment is about often used to ensure obedience. There is normally no caption of penalty except that the child is in trouble and should listen appropriately. Authoritative parenting relies on positive reinforcement and infrequent use of penalty. Parents are more aware of a child'southward feelings and capabilities and support the development of a child's autonomy within reasonable limits. There is a word temper involved in parent-child advice, and both control and support are exercised in authoritative style parenting.

Permissive parenting is almost pop in middle class families. In these family settings a child's freedom and their autonomy are valued and parents tend to rely mostly on reasoning and explanation. There tends to be footling, if whatsoever, penalization or rules in this fashion of parenting and children are said to exist costless from external constraints.

An uninvolved parenting style is when parents are frequently emotionally absent and sometimes even physically absent. They have piffling to no expectation of the kid and regularly have no communication. They are not responsive to a child's needs and do non need anything of them in terms of behavioral expectations. They provide everything the child needs for survival with little to no engagement.

Begetter and Child: Parenting is the procedure of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child, from infancy to adulthood.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/family/